Summary: Collective motion emerges from individual interactions which produce group-wide patterns in behavior.While adaptive changes to collective motion are observed across rattles animal species, how local interactions change when these collective behaviors evolve is poorly understood.Here, we use the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, which exis

Abstract Background Progressive non-infectious anterior vertebral fusion is a unique spinal disorder with Face Primers distinctive radiological features.Early radiographic findings consist of narrowing of the anterior aspect of the intervertebral disk with adjacent end plate erosions.There is a specific pattern of progression.The management needs a

The primary cilium is a sensory organelle, defects in which cause a wide range 149 of human diseases including retinal degeneration, polycystic kidney disease and birth defects.The sensory functions of cilia require specific receptors to be targeted to the ciliary subdomain of the plasma membrane.Arf4 has been proposed to sort cargo destined for th

Wind speed and direction are important parameters in meteorological observation.A solid wind sensor is needed with a small quadcopter for boundary layer meteorological observation.In this paper, the principle of a cylindrical two-dimensional wind sensor is reported and the data from wind tunnel experiments are analyzed.A model is proposed to descri

Cascade reservoir operation is an effective nonstructural countermeasure for water resources management.In recent years, many metaheuristic algorithms are introduced to handle reservoir optimal operation due to their strong search capability and high efficiency.The butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) is a newly developed metaheuristic method whi